Radar Engineering by GSN Raju: An Essential Resource for Learning and Practicing Radar Techniques
Radar Engineering by GSN Raju: A Comprehensive Guide to Radar Systems
Introduction
Radar is one of the most fascinating and useful technologies in modern engineering. It stands for radio detection and ranging, and it uses electromagnetic waves to detect and locate objects in space and time. Radar has many applications in various fields, such as aviation, navigation, defense, weather forecasting, astronomy, and more.
radar engineering gsn raju pdf
What is radar?
Radar is a system that consists of a transmitter, a receiver, an antenna, and a display. The transmitter generates and sends out radio waves that travel through the air or space. The receiver picks up the echoes or reflections of these waves from objects that are in the path of the waves. The antenna directs the waves to and from the desired direction. The display shows the information about the detected objects, such as their distance, speed, direction, shape, size, etc.
Why is radar important?
Radar is important because it can provide valuable information that is not available by other means. For example, radar can:
Detect objects that are too far, too small, too fast, or too stealthy for human eyes or other sensors.
Measure the distance, speed, direction, and altitude of objects with high accuracy and resolution.
Track the movement and behavior of objects over time and space.
Identify and classify objects based on their characteristics and features.
Warn about potential threats or hazards in advance.
Control and guide other systems or devices that rely on radar data.
What are the applications of radar?
Radar has many applications in various fields, such as:
Aviation: Radar is used to monitor and control air traffic, to avoid collisions, to navigate aircrafts, to land safely, to detect weather conditions, to map terrain features, etc.
Navigation: Radar is used to determine the position and course of ships, submarines, vehicles, etc., to avoid obstacles, to locate landmarks, to map coastlines, etc.
Defense: Radar is used to detect and track enemy targets, to identify friend or foe (IFF), to guide missiles or bombs, to jam or deceive enemy radars, to protect friendly forces or assets, etc.
Weather forecasting: Radar is used to observe and measure precipitation, clouds, storms, winds, etc., to predict weather changes, to warn about severe weather events, to study climate patterns, etc.
Astronomy: Radar is used to explore and map celestial bodies, such as planets, moons, asteroids, comets, etc., to measure their distance, size, shape, rotation, composition, etc., to detect gravitational waves or black holes, etc.
Basic Radars
In this section, we will learn about the basic principles and concepts of radar engineering, such as how radar works, what are the types of radar, and what are the parameters of radar.
How does radar work?
Radar works by following these steps:
The transmitter generates and sends out radio waves that have a certain frequency, wavelength, power, and modulation.
The antenna directs the waves to the desired direction and forms a beam that covers a certain angle and area.
The waves travel through the air or space until they encounter an object that reflects or scatters some of the waves back to the radar.
The receiver picks up the reflected or scattered waves and amplifies them.
The receiver compares the received waves with the transmitted waves and extracts the information about the object, such as its distance, speed, direction, etc.
The display shows the information about the object in a graphical or numerical form.
What are the types of radar?
Radar can be classified into different types based on various criteria, such as:
Frequency: Radar can use different frequency bands of the electromagnetic spectrum, such as VHF, UHF, L, S, C, X, Ku, K, Ka, etc. The frequency affects the range, resolution, penetration, and interference of radar.
Modulation: Radar can use different ways of changing or varying the radio waves to encode information or to improve performance, such as amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), phase modulation (PM), pulse modulation (PM), etc. The modulation affects the bandwidth, accuracy, and complexity of radar.
Pulse: Radar can use either continuous wave (CW) or pulsed wave (PW) to transmit and receive radio waves. CW radar uses a constant wave that varies in frequency or phase to measure the Doppler effect of moving objects. PW radar uses a series of short pulses that vary in amplitude or duration to measure the time delay of stationary or moving objects.
Doppler: Radar can use either non-Doppler or Doppler radar to detect and measure the speed of objects. Non-Doppler radar uses only the time delay of the reflected waves to measure the distance of objects. Doppler radar uses also the frequency shift of the reflected waves to measure the speed of objects.
Array: Radar can use either single antenna or multiple antennas to transmit and receive radio waves. Single antenna radar uses one antenna that rotates or scans mechanically to cover different directions. Multiple antenna radar uses several antennas that are fixed or steered electronically to form different beams and patterns.
What are the parameters of radar?
Radar has many parameters that describe its performance and characteristics, such as:
Range: The maximum distance at which radar can detect an object with a given size and reflectivity.
Resolution: The minimum distance or angle at which radar can distinguish two separate objects.
Accuracy: The degree of closeness between the measured value and the true value of an object's parameter.
Sensitivity: The minimum signal power that radar can detect at a given distance.
Noise: The unwanted or random signals that interfere with the desired signals and reduce the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
Clutter: The unwanted or irrelevant echoes from objects that are not of interest and reduce the signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR).
Jamming: The intentional or unintentional signals that interfere with the desired signals and reduce the signal-to-jamming ratio (SJR).
Advanced Radars
In this section, we will learn about some of the challenges and solutions for improving radar engineering, such as reducing noise and clutter, enhancing resolution and accuracy, increasing range and coverage, etc. We will also learn about some examples of advanced radar systems that have been developed or are being developed for various applications.
What are the challenges of radar engineering?
Radar engineering faces many challenges that limit its performance and capabilities, such as:
Limited spectrum: The available frequency bands for radar are limited by regulations, allocations, interference, propagation, etc., which restricts the bandwidth, resolution, range, etc. of radar.
Limited power: The transmitted power of radar is limited by regulations, safety, cost, size, weight, etc., which affects the range, sensitivity, coverage, etc. of radar.
Limited size: The size of radar is limited by the wavelength, antenna aperture, platform constraints, mobility requirements, etc., which affects the beamwidth, gain, resolution, etc. of radar.
Limited processing: The processing of radar is limited by the computational complexity, data rate, memory capacity, power consumption, etc., which affects the speed, accuracy, reliability, etc. of radar.
What are the solutions for improving radar performance?
Radar engineering has been developing various solutions for overcoming the challenges and improving the performance and capabilities of radar, such as:
Sparse sensing and sparse array design: Sparse sensing, or compressed sensing (CS), is a technique that exploits the sparsity or compressibility of radar signals to reduce the sampling rate and data volume without losing information. Sparse array design is a technique that optimizes the placement and number of antennas to achieve high resolution and wide coverage with fewer elements (Gini, 2021).
Doppler coding and clutter filtering: Doppler coding is a technique that modulates the radar pulses with different codes or patterns to distinguish them from each other and to resolve range ambiguity. Clutter filtering is a technique that suppresses or removes the unwanted echoes from stationary or slow-moving objects that mask the desired echoes from moving targets (LinkedIn, 2021).
Cognitive and adaptive radar: Cognitive radar is a technique that enables radar to learn from its environment and adapt its parameters and strategies accordingly. Adaptive radar is a technique that enables radar to adjust its parameters and strategies based on feedback or optimization criteria (Haykin et al., 2012).
Multistatic and networked radar: Multistatic radar is a technique that uses multiple transmitters and receivers that are separated in space to improve the detection and localization of targets. Networked radar is a technique that uses multiple radars that are connected by communication links to share information and cooperate with each other (Willis et al., 2014).
MIMO and digital beamforming radar: MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) radar is a technique that uses multiple transmitters and receivers that transmit and receive different waveforms to enhance the spatial diversity and resolution of radar. Digital beamforming radar is a technique that uses digital signal processing to form multiple beams simultaneously and independently for each antenna element (Li et al., 2009).
What are the examples of advanced radar systems?
Some examples of advanced radar systems that have been developed or are being developed for various applications are:
Synthetic aperture radar (SAR): SAR is a technique that uses the relative motion between the radar and the target to synthesize a large antenna aperture and achieve high-resolution imaging of the ground or other objects. SAR can operate in all weather conditions and day or night (Richards, 2014).
Inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR): ISAR is a technique that uses the relative motion between the radar and the target to synthesize a large antenna aperture and achieve high-resolution imaging of moving targets, such as aircrafts or ships. ISAR can provide target identification and classification (Chen and Ling, 2001).
Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR): InSAR is a technique that uses the phase difference between two or more SAR images taken from slightly different positions to measure the elevation or displacement of the ground or other objects. InSAR can provide topographic mapping and deformation monitoring (Melvin and Scheer, 2012).
Bistatic and passive radar: Bistatic radar is a technique that uses a transmitter and a receiver that are not co-located to detect targets that are illuminated by the transmitter. Passive radar is a technique that uses existing sources of illumination, such as TV or radio signals, instead of an active transmitter, to detect targets. Bistatic and passive radars can reduce the cost, power consumption, interference, and detectability of radars (Lombardo et al., 2012; Blasone et al., 2020).
Automotive radar: Automotive radar is a technique that uses short-range radars mounted on vehicles to provide various functions, such as adaptive cruise control, collision avoidance, lane change assist, blind spot detection, parking assist, etc. Automotive radars can improve the safety and comfort of driving (Patole et al., 2017).
Radar Engineering by GSN Raju
In this section, we will learn about the book "Radar Engineering" by GSN Raju, who is a renowned author and professor of electronics and communication engineering. We will learn about his background, the contents of the book, and how to access the book.
Who is GSN Raju?
GSN Raju is a professor of electronics and communication engineering at Andhra University College of Engineering in India. He has a Ph.D. from the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur and has over 30 years of experience in teaching and research. His main areas of interest are electromagnetic field theory, antennas and wave propagation, radar and microwave communication, bio-instrumentation, and EMI/EMC. He has published several books and papers on these topics and has received many awards and honors for his contributions (I.K. International Publishing House Pvt. Limited, 2010).
What is the book about?
The book "Radar Engineering" by GSN Raju is a comprehensive guide to radar systems that covers the applications, fundamentals, and advanced concepts of radar engineering. The book consists of nine chapters that are suitable for one semester course in radar engineering. The chapters are:
Introduction to Radar
Radar Parameters
Basic Radars
Advanced Radars
Factors Affecting Radar Operation
Radar Transmitters
Radar Receivers
Fundamentals of Navigational Aids
Radar Antennas
The book provides logical and self-understandable system descriptions, more than 100 solved problems, more than 1000 objective questions with answers, more than 600 multiple choice questions with answers, and five model question papers (I.K. International Publishing House Pvt. Limited, 2010; Raju, 2013).
How can you access the book?
The book "Radar Engineering" by GSN Raju is available in both print and digital formats. You can buy the print book from various online or offline stores, such as Amazon.com, Barnes&Noble.com, Books-A-Million, IndieBound, etc. You can also rent or borrow the print book from libraries or other sources. You can access the digital book from various online platforms, such as Google Books , Scribd, etc. You can also download the PDF file of the book from some websites or sources.
Conclusion
In this article, we have learned about radar engineering, its importance, its challenges, its solutions, and its applications. We have also learned about the book "Radar Engineering" by GSN Raju, who is a renowned author and professor of electronics and communication engineering. We have learned about his background, the contents of the book, and how to access the book.
Radar engineering is a fascinating and useful discipline that covers numerous techniques and touches on many application areas. It has a long history and a bright future. It is constantly evolving and improving to meet the needs and demands of various fields and scenarios. If you are interested in learning more about radar engineering or want to pursue a career in this field, you should definitely read the book "Radar Engineering" by GSN Raju.
FAQs
Here are some frequently asked questions (FAQs) about radar engineering and the book "Radar Engineering" by GSN Raju:
What is the difference between radar and lidar?
Radar and lidar are both active remote sensing systems that use electromagnetic waves to detect and locate objects. However, radar uses radio waves while lidar uses light waves (usually laser). Radar has longer wavelength and lower frequency than lidar, which means radar can penetrate through clouds, fog, dust, etc., while lidar cannot. Lidar has shorter wavelength and higher frequency than radar, which means lidar can achieve higher resolution and accuracy than radar.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of passive radar?
Passive radar is a type of radar that uses existing sources of illumination, such as TV or radio signals, instead of an active transmitter, to detect targets. Some advantages of passive radar are: it reduces the cost, power consumption, interference, and detectability of radars (LIDAR and RADAR, 2021).
Enhanced resolution and accuracy: Enhanced resolution and accuracy are achieved by using higher frequency bands, larger antenna apertures, longer integration times, finer sampling rates, better signal processing algorithms, etc. (Frontiers in Signal Processing, 2021).
Increased range and coverage: Increased range and coverage are achieved by using higher power transmitters, lower noise receivers, larger antenna gains, wider beamwidths, longer wavelengths, multiple beams or modes, etc. (IOSR Journals, 2021).
FAQs
Here are some more frequently asked questions (FAQs) about radar engineering and the book "Radar Engineering" by GSN Raju:
What is the difference between MTI and MST radars?
MTI (moving target indicator) and MST (moving target detection) radars are both types of Doppler radars that can detect and measure the speed of moving targets. However, MTI radars use a single pulse repetition frequency (PRF) and rely on filtering or cancelling out the stationary clutter echoes. MST radars use multiple PRFs and rely on comparing or combining the different clutter echoes to detect the moving targets.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of MIMO radar?
MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) radar is a type of radar that uses multiple transmitters and receivers that transmit and receive different waveforms to enhance the spatial diversity and resolution of radar. Some advantages of MIMO radar are: it can improve the parameter estimation and target detection performance; it can increase the degrees of freedom and virtual aperture size; it can reduce the mutual coupling and correlation among antennas; it can exploit the waveform diversity and adaptivity. Some disadvantages of MIMO radar are: it requires more hardware complexity and cost; it requires more synchronization and calibration among transmitters and receivers; it requires more data processing and communication bandwidth; it may suffer from more interference or jamming from other sources.
What are the applications of navigational aids in radar engineering?
Navigational aids are systems or devices that provide information or guidance for navigation purposes. In radar engineering, navigational aids can be used for various applications, such as: determining the position and course of aircrafts, ships, vehicles, etc.; avoiding obstacles or collisions; locating landmarks or waypoints; mapping coastlines or terrain features; providing landing or docking assistance; etc. Some examples of navigational aids in radar engineering are: radio beacons, radio direction finders, distance measuring equipment, instrument landing system, global positioning system, etc.
What are the benefits of reading the book "Radar Engineering" by GSN Raju?
The book "Radar Engineering" by GSN Raju is a comprehensive guide to radar systems