Learn Anatomy of Upper Limb and Thorax with Vishram Singh PDF 13: Features, Benefits, and Download Links

Anatomy of Upper Limb and Thorax by Vishram Singh PDF 13

Anatomy is the study of the structure and organization of living organisms. It is essential for understanding the functions and disorders of the human body. Anatomy can be divided into various branches, such as gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy, developmental anatomy, clinical anatomy, and so on.

anatomy of upper limb and thorax by vishram singh pdf 13

One of the renowned authors and teachers of anatomy in India is Vishram Singh. He is a professor and head of the department of anatomy at Santosh Medical College, Santosh University, Ghaziabad. He has more than 40 years of experience in teaching, research, and clinical practice. He has written several books on anatomy, such as Textbook of Anatomy: Upper Limb and Thorax; Volume I, Textbook of Anatomy: Abdomen and Lower Limb; Volume II, Textbook of Anatomy: Head, Neck, and Brain; Volume III, Selective Anatomy: Prep Manual for Undergraduates; Volume I & II.

His textbook of anatomy is one of the most popular and comprehensive books on anatomy for medical students. It covers in detail the anatomy of upper limb and thorax in volume I. The book is updated according to the latest syllabus recommended by the Medical Council of India. It provides clear explanations, diagrams, tables, clinical correlations, summary boxes, review questions, and online resources for learning anatomy.

Upper Limb

The upper limb consists of four parts: shoulder girdle (pectoral girdle), arm (brachium), forearm (antebrachium), and hand (manus). The upper limb is connected to the trunk by the shoulder girdle, which consists of two bones: clavicle (collar bone) and scapula (shoulder blade). The shoulder girdle provides attachment for many muscles that move the upper limb.

The arm extends from the shoulder to the elbow. It contains one long bone: humerus. The humerus articulates with the scapula at the shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint) and with the radius and ulna at the elbow joint (humeroulnar joint). The arm contains several muscles that flex and extend the elbow.

The forearm extends from the elbow to the wrist. It contains two long bones: radius (lateral) and ulna (medial). The radius and ulna articulate with each other at two joints: proximal radioulnar joint (near elbow) and distal radioulnar joint (near wrist). The forearm contains many muscles that pronate and supinate (rotate) the forearm.

The hand consists of three parts: wrist (carpus), palm (metacarpus), and fingers (digits). The wrist contains eight small bones: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate. These bones form two rows: proximal row (near forearm) and distal row (near palm). The wrist articulates with the radius at the radiocarpal joint.

The palm contains five long bones: metacarpals. These bones are numbered from I to V from thumb to little finger. The metacarpals articulate with the distal row of carpal bones at their bases and with the fingers at their heads.

The fingers contain 14 small bones: phalanges. Each finger has three phalanges: proximal phalanx (near palm), middle phalanx (middle), distal phalanx (tip). The thumb has only two phalanges: proximal phalanx and distal phalanx. The phalanges articulate with each other at interphalangeal joints.

The upper limb contains many nerves that innervate its muscles and skin. The main nerve supply comes from a network of nerves called brachial plexus. The brachial plexus is formed by anterior rami (branches) of spinal nerves C5-T1. The brachial plexus gives rise to five major nerves: axillary nerve (to shoulder region), musculocutaneous nerve (to anterior arm), radial nerve (to posterior arm and forearm), median nerve (to anterior forearm and hand), ulnar nerve (to medial forearm and hand).

The upper limb also contains many blood vessels that supply its tissues with oxygenated blood and drain its deoxygenated blood. The main artery supplying the upper limb is subclavian artery. The subclavian artery passes over the first rib into axilla (armpit) where it becomes axillary artery. The axillary artery gives rise to several branches: thoracoacromial artery (to pectoral region), lateral thoracic artery (to lateral chest wall), subscapular artery (to scapular region), anterior circumflex humeral artery (to anterior shoulder joint), posterior circumflex humeral artery (to posterior shoulder joint). The axillary artery continues as brachial artery in arm. The brachial artery gives rise to two branches: deep brachial artery (to posterior arm) and profunda brachii artery (to posterior arm). The brachial artery divides into two terminal branches at elbow level: radial artery (to lateral forearm) and ulnar artery (to medial forearm). The radial artery gives rise to superficial palmar branch (to palm) while ulnar artery gives rise to common interosseous branch (to interosseous membrane between radius and ulna). The radial artery continues as deep palmar arch while ulnar artery continues as superficial palmar arch in hand. These arches give rise to digital arteries that supply fingers.

The main vein draining deoxygenated blood from upper limb is subclavian vein. The subclavian vein is formed by union of internal jugular vein (from head) and external jugular vein (from neck) behind sternoclavicular joint. The subclavian vein receives several tributaries: vertebral vein (from vertebral column), internal thoracic vein (from anterior chest wall), anterior jugular vein (from anterior neck), transverse cervical vein (from neck region), suprascapular vein (from scapular region). The subclavian vein passes under clavicle into axilla where it becomes axillary vein. The axillary vein receives several tributaries: cephalic vein (from lateral arm), basilic vein (from medial arm), brachial veins (from arm). The cephalic vein runs along lateral border of biceps muscle while basilic vein runs along medial border of biceps muscle in arm. They join together near elbow to form median cubital vein which is commonly used for venipuncture or blood sampling. The axillary vein continues as brachial vein in arm which receives several tributaries: deep brachial veins (from posterior arm) accompanying deep brachial arteries; profunda brachii veins accompanying profunda brachii arteries; radial veins accompanying radial arteries; ulnar veins accompanying ulnar arteries; common interosseous veins accompanying common interosseous arteries; superficial palmar venous arch accompanying superficial palmar arterial arch; deep palmar venous arch accompanying deep palmar arterial arch; digital veins accompanying digital arteries.

The upper limb has several regions that can be identified by anatomical landmarks such as bones or muscles. These regions are useful for describing location or direction in clinical practice or research. Some examples are:

• Acromion: bony projection on top of shoulder formed by lateral end of scapular spine

• Deltoid tuberosity: rough area on lateral side of humerus where deltoid muscle attaches

• Olecranon process: bony prominence on back of elbow formed by proximal end of ulna

• Styloid process: pointed projection on distal end of radius or ulna near wrist

is about 25 cm long and 2-3 cm in diameter. It consists of four layers: mucosa (innermost), submucosa, muscularis externa, and adventitia (outermost). The mucosa is lined by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium that protects the esophagus from abrasion. The submucosa contains esophageal glands that secrete mucus to lubricate the esophagus. The muscularis externa consists of two layers of smooth muscle: inner circular and outer longitudinal. The muscularis externa also contains some striated muscle fibers in the upper and lower parts of the esophagus. The adventitia is a fibrous layer that connects the esophagus to surrounding structures.

The esophagus has two sphincters: upper esophageal sphincter (UES) and lower esophageal sphincter (LES). The UES is located at the junction of the pharynx and esophagus. It consists of a ring of skeletal muscle that prevents air from entering the esophagus during breathing. The UES relaxes during swallowing to allow food and liquid to pass into the esophagus. The LES is located at the junction of the esophagus and stomach. It consists of a ring of smooth muscle that prevents gastric acid and contents from refluxing into the esophagus. The LES relaxes during swallowing to allow food and liquid to pass into the stomach.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the anatomy of upper limb and thorax by Vishram Singh PDF 13 is a comprehensive and updated textbook that covers the structure and function of the upper limb and thorax in detail. It provides clear explanations, diagrams, tables, clinical correlations, summary boxes, review questions, and online resources for learning anatomy. It is an ideal book for medical students who want to master the anatomy of upper limb and thorax.

If you are interested in reading this book, you can download it for free from the links provided below or buy it from online stores such as Amazon or Elsevier. You will not regret reading this book as it will enhance your knowledge and skills in anatomy.

So what are you waiting for? Download or buy this book now and start learning anatomy of upper limb and thorax by Vishram Singh PDF 13!

FAQs

Here are some frequently asked questions and answers about anatomy of upper limb and thorax by Vishram Singh PDF 13:

• Q: How many pages does this book have?

• A: This book has 352 pages.

• Q: What are the main topics covered in this book?

• A: This book covers the anatomy of bones, joints, muscles, nerves, blood vessels, organs, and regions of the upper limb and thorax.

• Q: What are the benefits of reading this book?

• A: This book will help you understand the anatomy of upper limb and thorax in depth. It will also help you apply your knowledge to clinical scenarios and prepare for exams.

• Q: How can I access the online resources for this book?

• A: You can access the online resources for this book by registering on Elsevier's website using your email address and a unique code provided in the book.

• Q: Is this book suitable for beginners or advanced learners?

• A: This book is suitable for both beginners and advanced learners as it covers the basics as well as the details of anatomy of upper limb and thorax.